ABSTRACT
The aim was to understand the anatomical features of the venous valve in Macaca fascicularis and to compare it with that of humans. The bilateral lower limbs (24 limbs from 12 animals) of Macaca fascicularis cadavers were dissected, and the femoral veins (FVs) were equally divided into distal, intermediate, and proximal sections. The external diameter of the FV in each section was measured. The venous valves were observed microscopically and stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as trichrome. Data describing the human venous valve were collected from the current literature. No great saphenous veins were found among the 24 lower limbs from the Macaca fascicularis cadavers. The external diameters of the FVs in the distal, intermediate, and proximal sections were 3.53 ± 0.37 mm, 3.42 ± 0.55 mm, and 3.37 ± 0.54 mm, respectively. In most cases, there was one venous bivalve located in the FV approximately 0-2.71 mm below the junction of the FV and the deep femoral vein. Endothelium covered the luminal and sinusal surfaces of the leaflets. Abundant collagen fibers were found under the endothelial cells beneath the luminal surface of the leaflets. An elastin fiber network was located under the sinus endothelial surface. Smooth muscle cells in the FV extend to the edge of the valve. The venous valve of Macaca fascicularis is similar to that of humans, both morphologically and histologically. However, there is only one venous bivalve and no great saphenous vein in Macaca fascicularis.
El objetivo fue comprender las características anatómicas de la válvula venosa en Macaca fascicularis y compararla con la de los humanos. Fueron disecados bilateralmente los miembros pélvicos (24 miembros de 12 animales) de cadáveres de Macaca fascicularis; las venas femorales (VF) fueron divididas en secciones distal, media y proximal. Se midió el diámetro externo de las VFs en cada sección. Las válvulas venosas se observaron microscópicamente y se tiñeron con H-E y tricrómico. Los datos para describir la válvula venosa humana se obtuvieron desde la literatura. No se encontraron venas safenas magnas entre los 24 miembros inferiores. Los diámetros externos de las VFs en las secciones distal, media y proximal fueron 3,53±0,37 mm, 3,42 mm±0,55, y 3,37±0,54 mm, respectivamente. En la mayoría de los casos, hubo vena bivalva situada aproximadamente 0-2,71 mm debajo de la unión de la VF y la vena femoral profunda. El endotelio cubrió las superficies luminal y sinusal. Se observaron abundantes fibras de colágeno en las células endoteliales bajo la superficie luminal de las válvulas. Una red de fibras de elastina se encontró bajo la superficie del seno endotelial. Las células musculares lisas en las VFs se extiendían hasta el margen de la válvula. La válvula venosa del Macaca fascicularis es similar a la de los seres humanos, morfológica e histológicamente. Sin embargo, sólo hubo una vena bivalvular, y no se observaron venas safenas en Macaca fascicularis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Venous Valves/anatomy & histology , Femoral Vein/anatomy & histology , Macaca fascicularis/anatomy & histologyABSTRACT
Background:From April to July in 2009 and 2010,unexplained severe hemorrhagic fever-like illnesses occurred in farmers from the Huaiyangshan mountains range.Methods:Clinical specimens (blood,urine,feces,and throat swabs) from suspected patients were obtained and stored.Mosquitoes and ticks in affected regions were collected.Virus was isolated from 2 patients and characterized by whole genome sequencing.Virus detection in additional patients and arthropods was done by virus-specific reverse transcription (RT) PCR.Clinical and epidemiological data of RT-PCR confirmed patients were analyzed.Results:An unknown virus was isolated from blood of two patients and from Haemaphysalis ticks collected from dogs.Whole genome sequence analysis identified the virus as a novel member of the family Bunyaviridae,most closely related to the viruses of the genus Phlebovirus within which it forms a separate lineage.Subsequently,infection was confirmed by RT-PCR in 33 of 58 suspected patients.The illness in these patients was characterized by fever,severe malaise,nausea,vomiting,and diarrhea.Prominent laboratory findings included low white cell- and platelet counts,coagulation disturbances,and elevation of liver enzymes.Hemorrhagic complications were observed in 3 cases,5 (15%) patients died.Conclusions:A novel tick-borne Bunyavirus causing life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans has emerged in the Huaiyangshan mountain areas of China.Further studies are needed to determine the epidemiology,geographic distribution and vertebrate animal ecology of this virus.